# Paul Graham — complete archive in chronological order

Source: http://www.paulgraham.com/
Essays: 215 · Span: 1993-01-01 to 2023-07-01 · Total reading time: ~38 hours

Track your progress through this archive with a free account: https://www.evergreenessays.com/start/paul-graham

## Essays

1. [Programming Bottom-Up](http://www.paulgraham.com/progbot.html) (1993-01-01) — 5 min
  Paul Graham delves into the philosophy of programming, highlighting the benefits of a bottom-up approach as opposed to the traditional top-down design. By building the language to suit the problem at hand, programmers can create code that is clear, concise, and efficient. Graham emphasizes how bottom-up design yields smaller, more agile programs, promotes code re-usability, and makes programs easier to read and modify. This thought-provoking essay challenges the conventional wisdom of software development and encourages programmers to rethink their approach.
2. [Lisp for Web-Based Applications](http://www.paulgraham.com/lwba.html) (2001-04-01) — 1 min
  Paul Graham delves into the technical advantages of using Lisp in web-based applications. In this insightful essay, Graham highlights key excerpts from a talk he delivered, sharing the specific benefits that he and his team at Viaweb experienced by utilizing Lisp. Whether you're a programmer or simply curious about the inner workings of web development, this article provides a fascinating perspective on the power of Lisp in the world of technology.
3. [Beating the Averages](http://www.paulgraham.com/avg.html) (2001-04-01) — 20 min
  Paul Graham delves into the world of startups and challenges the conventional wisdom regarding programming languages. Drawing from his own experiences with Viaweb, Graham explores the advantages of utilizing Lisp over more widely used languages like C++ or Perl. He argues that choosing the right technology can make or break a startup, and encourages entrepreneurs to think outside the box and consider what will truly work best for their unique ventures. A thought-provoking read for anyone interested in the competitive landscape of software development.
4. [Java's Cover](http://www.paulgraham.com/javacover.html) (2001-04-01) — 6 min
  Paul Graham dives into the intriguing topic of why Java has always seemed suspicious to him and other hackers. While the essay is not a critique of Java itself, it explores the concept of "hacker's radar" and how experienced hackers develop an instinct for identifying good and bad technology. Graham cleverly examines the cover of a book as a metaphor and connects it to his ability to judge technology based on its initial appearance. With insights on ulterior motives, hype, design choices, and user sentiments, this essay offers a thought-provoking analysis of Java's reputation in the programming world.
5. [Being Popular](http://www.paulgraham.com/popular.html) (2001-05-01) — 34 min
  Paul Graham delves into the intriguing question of what makes a programming language popular and explores the influence of hackers in determining a language's success. He argues that a language's popularity is not solely determined by external factors or language designers but rather the opinions and preferences of expert hackers. Graham contends that a good programming language is one that resonates with hackers, catering to their needs and abilities. By examining the dynamics of popularity and the impact of a dedicated user base, Graham presents an insightful perspective on the evolution and significance of programming languages.
6. [The Roots of Lisp](http://www.paulgraham.com/rootsoflisp.html) (2001-05-01) — 2 min
  In this fascinating article, Paul Graham delves into the origins and essence of Lisp, a programming language that has had a profound impact on the industry. By exploring the pivotal discoveries of John McCarthy, Graham elucidates the distinguishing features of Lisp and its significance in the evolution of programming languages. Discover the unique quality of Lisp that allows it to be written in itself and gain insights into the direction in which languages are heading. Whether you're a seasoned programmer or simply curious about the foundations of computer science, this article offers a captivating glimpse into the world of Lisp.
7. [Five Questions about Language Design](http://www.paulgraham.com/langdes.html) (2001-05-01) — 13 min
  Paul Graham delves into the fascinating world of programming language design, highlighting key insights from his panel discussion at MIT. He emphasizes that programming languages are ultimately for people, aiming to alleviate the complexities and burdens of machine language. Graham explores the balance between mathematical elegance and catering to human weaknesses, urging designers to consider both pragmatic and aesthetic factors. He also emphasizes the importance of designing languages to suit the needs of the best programmers, giving them control and fostering brevity. Discover the intriguing dynamics behind language design through Graham's thought-provoking essay.
8. [The Other Road Ahead](http://www.paulgraham.com/road.html) (2001-09-01) — 53 min
  Paul Graham delves into the future of software and the rise of server-based applications in this insightful and forward-thinking essay. He argues that this shift towards web-based software will revolutionize how programmers work and open doors for startups to thrive in this new landscape. Graham explores the advantages of this model, including ease of use, cost-effectiveness, mobility, and reliability. Join him as he takes you on a journey through the early days of this technological shift and provides fascinating insights into the potential of this emerging trend.
9. [What Made Lisp Different](http://www.paulgraham.com/diff.html) (2001-12-01) — 4 min
  In this thought-provoking essay, Paul Graham delves into the revolutionary ideas that made Lisp stand out from other programming languages. From conditionals and recursion to garbage collection and the composition of expressions, Graham explores the unique features that have shaped the language's evolution. By examining Lisp's distinct concepts, he sheds light on how it has influenced modern programming practices and even inspired elements in other languages. Delve into this captivating journey to discover the origins of Lisp and its ongoing impact on the programming landscape.
10. [Why Arc Isn't Especially Object-Oriented](http://www.paulgraham.com/noop.html) (2002-01-01) — 3 min
  In this provocative essay, Paul Graham challenges the prevailing obsession with object-oriented programming. Drawing from his own experiences and insights, he questions the necessity of object-oriented programming in every aspect of coding. Graham dives into the reasons why people are drawn to it, debunking some common misconceptions along the way. With a hint of humor, he questions the bloated code and duplication that often result from this approach. If you're curious about alternative programming styles or simply want to challenge the status quo, this article is a must-read.
11. [Taste for Makers](http://www.paulgraham.com/taste.html) (2002-02-01) — 19 min
  In this thought-provoking essay, Paul Graham explores the concept of taste and its importance in designing beautiful things. He questions whether there is an overlap in how mathematicians, scientists, musicians, architects, writers, and painters define beauty. Graham argues that taste is not subjective and dives into the practicality of making good stuff. He challenges the notion that taste is merely personal preference and emphasizes the role of taste in improving one's work. Whether you're a designer or simply interested in the intersection of aesthetics and creativity, this article will expand your understanding of beauty.
12. [Revenge of the Nerds](http://www.paulgraham.com/icad.html) (2002-05-01) — 26 min
  Paul Graham delves into the ongoing struggle between "pointy-headed academics" and "pointy-haired bosses" in the software industry. Exploring the humorous yet thought-provoking dynamics, Graham highlights the misconception that all programming languages are equivalent. Through a witty analysis of the pointy-haired boss's perspective, he raises intriguing questions about the suitability and advantages of different languages for specific problems. This essay challenges the notion of one-size-fits-all solutions and invites readers to consider the complexity and nuances of language choice in the world of software development.
13. [Succinctness is Power](http://www.paulgraham.com/power.html) (2002-05-01) — 14 min
  Paul Graham delves into the power of succinctness in programming languages using Python as a case study. He challenges the notion that regularity and readability should be prioritized over power, arguing that succinctness is a fundamental aspect of achieving effective language design. Graham explores the relationship between code size and programming language power, presenting a new metric for measuring program length based on the number of distinct elements. This thought-provoking essay invites readers to reconsider their assumptions about programming language goals and the importance of succinctness in achieving them.
14. [A Plan for Spam](http://www.paulgraham.com/spam.html) (2002-08-01) — 24 min
  Paul Graham presents a groundbreaking approach to tackling the issue of spam through content-based filtering. By analyzing the statistical probabilities of individual words in spam messages, Graham demonstrates how simple algorithms can effectively filter out unwanted emails. Unlike traditional methods that rely on identifying specific spam features, this statistical approach proves to be more accurate and adaptable. Graham's essay offers insights into the challenges of spam filtering and highlights the potential of automated solutions to combat this persistent problem.
15. [Design and Research](http://www.paulgraham.com/desres.html) (2003-01-01) — 12 min
  Paul Graham delves into the distinction between design and research, particularly in the context of programming languages. Rather than focusing solely on novelty, design emphasizes creating something useful and effective for the user. Graham highlights the importance of understanding the user's needs and points out that users may not always know what they truly want. By approaching programming languages as a design problem, Graham suggests that the best results come from designing for a specific group of users, ideally including the designer themselves. Get insights into the philosophy of design and its practical implications in this engaging article.
16. [Better Bayesian Filtering](http://www.paulgraham.com/better.html) (2003-01-01) — 19 min
  In this fascinating article, Paul Graham delves into the world of spam filtering and Bayesian algorithms. Graham uncovers the discrepancies between previous research and his own findings, shedding light on the reasons behind the variations in spam-catching efficiency. He also introduces strategies to improve filtering rates while minimizing false positives, offering a unique perspective on tackling the spam problem. If you've ever been curious about the inner workings of email filtering and want to explore better Bayesian filtering techniques, this article is a must-read.
17. [Why Nerds are Unpopular](http://www.paulgraham.com/nerds.html) (2003-02-01) — 25 min
  In this eye-opening essay, Paul Graham delves into the perplexing dynamics of popularity and intelligence in school. Graham, drawing from his own experiences and observations, explores the reasons why smart kids often find themselves on the outskirts of social acceptance. He challenges the notion that intelligence itself contributes to unpopularity and offers intriguing insights into what truly matters in the school hierarchy. Dive into this thought-provoking piece to uncover the complexities of being a nerd and the dynamics of popularity in American secondary schools.
18. [The Hundred-Year Language](http://www.paulgraham.com/hundred.html) (2003-04-01) — 21 min
  Paul Graham delves into the intriguing world of programming languages, contemplating how they will evolve in the next hundred years. Drawing parallels between languages and species, Graham explores the concept of evolutionary trees and the survival of the fittest. He challenges the notion of "successful" languages and instead focuses on the fundamental operators that form the backbone of a language's longevity. With thought-provoking insights on the future of programming, Graham invites readers to consider the path ahead and make informed choices about language design.
19. [If Lisp is So Great](http://www.paulgraham.com/iflisp.html) (2003-05-01) — 2 min
  In this intriguing essay, Paul Graham delves into the often overlooked world of programming languages, specifically Lisp. He ponders why a language as powerful and unique as Lisp isn't more popular, drawing fascinating parallels between language popularity and book sales. Graham challenges common excuses for avoiding Lisp and explores the self-perpetuating nature of language popularity. Just as Jane Austen's novels continue to find readers amidst the popularity of John Grisham, Lisp's survival highlights the significance of its distinct advantages. Join Graham on this thought-provoking journey through the world of programming languages.
20. [Hackers and Painters](http://www.paulgraham.com/hp.html) (2003-05-01) — 25 min
  Discover the surprising parallels between hacking and painting as Paul Graham takes us on a captivating exploration. In this thought-provoking essay, Graham challenges the conventional wisdom that programming and artistry are at odds, revealing how both share the common thread of being makers. Dive into the fascinating world where technology and creativity intersect, brought to life through Graham's insightful perspective. Prepare to have your preconceptions shattered and gain a deeper understanding of the true essence of hacking and painting.
21. [Filters that Fight Back](http://www.paulgraham.com/ffb.html) (2003-08-01) — 4 min
22. [What You Can't Say](http://www.paulgraham.com/say.html) (2004-01-01) — 24 min
23. [The Word "Hacker"](http://www.paulgraham.com/gba.html) (2004-04-01) — 9 min
24. [Mind the Gap](http://www.paulgraham.com/gap.html) (2004-05-01) — 25 min
25. [How to Make Wealth](http://www.paulgraham.com/wealth.html) (2004-05-01) — 40 min
26. [Great Hackers](http://www.paulgraham.com/gh.html) (2004-07-01) — 23 min
27. [The Python Paradox](http://www.paulgraham.com/pypar.html) (2004-08-01) — 2 min
28. [The Age of the Essay](http://www.paulgraham.com/essay.html) (2004-09-01) — 20 min
29. [What the Bubble Got Right](http://www.paulgraham.com/bubble.html) (2004-09-01) — 17 min
30. [A Version 1.0](http://www.paulgraham.com/laundry.html) (2004-10-01) — 19 min
31. [Made in USA](http://www.paulgraham.com/usa.html) (2004-11-01) — 9 min
32. [Bradley's Ghost](http://www.paulgraham.com/polls.html) (2004-11-01) — 3 min
33. [It's Charisma, Stupid](http://www.paulgraham.com/charisma.html) (2004-11-01) — 7 min
34. [What You'll Wish You'd Known](http://www.paulgraham.com/hs.html) (2005-01-01) — 23 min
35. [Undergraduation](http://www.paulgraham.com/college.html) (2005-03-01) — 16 min
36. [Return of the Mac](http://www.paulgraham.com/mac.html) (2005-03-01) — 5 min
37. [How to Start a Startup](http://www.paulgraham.com/start.html) (2005-03-01) — 43 min
38. [A Unified Theory of VC Suckage](http://www.paulgraham.com/venturecapital.html) (2005-03-01) — 7 min
39. [Writing,  Briefly](http://www.paulgraham.com/writing44.html) (2005-03-01) — 3 min
40. [Why Smart People Have Bad Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/bronze.html) (2005-04-01) — 14 min
41. [The Submarine](http://www.paulgraham.com/submarine.html) (2005-04-01) — 11 min
42. [Hiring is Obsolete](http://www.paulgraham.com/hiring.html) (2005-05-01) — 21 min
43. [Inequality and Risk](http://www.paulgraham.com/inequality.html) (2005-08-01) — 13 min
44. [After the Ladder](http://www.paulgraham.com/ladder.html) (2005-08-01) — 3 min
45. [What Business Can Learn from Open Source](http://www.paulgraham.com/opensource.html) (2005-08-01) — 19 min
46. [What I Did this Summer](http://www.paulgraham.com/sfp.html) (2005-10-01) — 12 min
47. [Ideas for Startups](http://www.paulgraham.com/ideas.html) (2005-10-01) — 18 min
48. [Web 2.0](http://www.paulgraham.com/web20.html) (2005-11-01) — 15 min
49. [The Venture Capital Squeeze](http://www.paulgraham.com/vcsqueeze.html) (2005-11-01) — 7 min
50. [How to Fund a Startup](http://www.paulgraham.com/startupfunding.html) (2005-11-01) — 40 min
51. [Good and Bad Procrastination](http://www.paulgraham.com/procrastination.html) (2005-12-01) — 8 min
52. [How to Do What You Love](http://www.paulgraham.com/love.html) (2006-01-01) — 21 min
53. [Are Software Patents Evil?](http://www.paulgraham.com/softwarepatents.html) (2006-03-01) — 21 min
54. [Why YC](http://www.paulgraham.com/whyyc.html) (2006-03-01) — 2 min
55. [6,631,372](http://www.paulgraham.com/6631327.html) (2006-03-01) — 4 min
56. [The Hardest Lessons for Startups to Learn](http://www.paulgraham.com/startuplessons.html) (2006-04-01) — 22 min
57. [See Randomness](http://www.paulgraham.com/randomness.html) (2006-04-01) — 3 min
58. [How to Be Silicon Valley](http://www.paulgraham.com/siliconvalley.html) (2006-05-01) — 16 min
59. [Why Startups Condense in America](http://www.paulgraham.com/america.html) (2006-05-01) — 21 min
60. [The Power of the Marginal](http://www.paulgraham.com/marginal.html) (2006-06-01) — 27 min
61. [Copy What You Like](http://www.paulgraham.com/copy.html) (2006-07-01) — 5 min
62. [The Island Test](http://www.paulgraham.com/island.html) (2006-07-01) — 4 min
63. [How to Present to Investors](http://www.paulgraham.com/investors.html) (2006-08-01) — 13 min
64. [A Student's Guide to Startups](http://www.paulgraham.com/mit.html) (2006-10-01) — 29 min
65. [The 18 Mistakes That Kill Startups](http://www.paulgraham.com/startupmistakes.html) (2006-10-01) — 25 min
66. [How Art Can Be Good](http://www.paulgraham.com/goodart.html) (2006-12-01) — 16 min
67. [Learning from Founders](http://www.paulgraham.com/foundersatwork.html) (2007-01-01) — 4 min
68. [Is It Worth Being Wise?](http://www.paulgraham.com/wisdom.html) (2007-02-01) — 17 min
69. [What Languages Fix](http://www.paulgraham.com/fix.html) (2007-02-01) — 1 min
70. [Why to Not Not Start a Startup](http://www.paulgraham.com/notnot.html) (2007-03-01) — 28 min
71. [The Hacker's Guide to Investors](http://www.paulgraham.com/guidetoinvestors.html) (2007-04-01) — 28 min
72. [Microsoft is Dead](http://www.paulgraham.com/microsoft.html) (2007-04-01) — 6 min
73. [Two Kinds of Judgement](http://www.paulgraham.com/judgement.html) (2007-04-01) — 4 min
74. [An Alternative Theory of Unions](http://www.paulgraham.com/unions.html) (2007-05-01) — 3 min
75. [The Equity Equation](http://www.paulgraham.com/equity.html) (2007-07-01) — 5 min
76. [Stuff](http://www.paulgraham.com/stuff.html) (2007-07-01) — 6 min
77. [Holding a Program in One's Head](http://www.paulgraham.com/head.html) (2007-08-01) — 9 min
78. [How Not to Die](http://www.paulgraham.com/die.html) (2007-08-01) — 9 min
79. [News from the Front](http://www.paulgraham.com/colleges.html) (2007-09-01) — 10 min
80. [How to Do Philosophy](http://www.paulgraham.com/philosophy.html) (2007-09-01) — 21 min
81. [The Future of Web Startups](http://www.paulgraham.com/webstartups.html) (2007-10-01) — 15 min
82. [Why to Move to a Startup Hub](http://www.paulgraham.com/startuphubs.html) (2007-10-01) — 7 min
83. [Six Principles for Making New Things](http://www.paulgraham.com/newthings.html) (2008-02-01) — 6 min
84. [Trolls](http://www.paulgraham.com/trolls.html) (2008-02-01) — 4 min
85. [You Weren't Meant to Have a Boss](http://www.paulgraham.com/boss.html) (2008-03-01) — 12 min
86. [How to Disagree](http://www.paulgraham.com/disagree.html) (2008-03-01) — 7 min
87. [A New Venture Animal](http://www.paulgraham.com/ycombinator.html) (2008-03-01) — 9 min
88. [Some Heroes](http://www.paulgraham.com/heroes.html) (2008-04-01) — 12 min
89. [Why There Aren't More Googles](http://www.paulgraham.com/googles.html) (2008-04-01) — 6 min
90. [Be Good](http://www.paulgraham.com/good.html) (2008-04-01) — 13 min
91. [Cities and Ambition](http://www.paulgraham.com/cities.html) (2008-05-01) — 16 min
92. [Disconnecting Distraction](http://www.paulgraham.com/distraction.html) (2008-05-01) — 5 min
93. [Lies We Tell Kids](http://www.paulgraham.com/lies.html) (2008-05-01) — 23 min
94. [The Pooled-Risk Company Management Company](http://www.paulgraham.com/prcmc.html) (2008-07-01) — 6 min
95. [A Fundraising Survival Guide](http://www.paulgraham.com/fundraising.html) (2008-08-01) — 22 min
96. [Why to Start a Startup in a Bad Economy](http://www.paulgraham.com/badeconomy.html) (2008-10-01) — 5 min
97. [The Other Half of "Artists Ship"](http://www.paulgraham.com/artistsship.html) (2008-11-01) — 6 min
98. [The High-Res Society](http://www.paulgraham.com/highres.html) (2008-12-01) — 7 min
99. [After Credentials](http://www.paulgraham.com/credentials.html) (2008-12-01) — 11 min
100. [Could VC be a Casualty of the Recession?](http://www.paulgraham.com/divergence.html) (2008-12-01) — 6 min
101. [Keep Your Identity Small](http://www.paulgraham.com/identity.html) (2009-02-01) — 4 min
102. [What I've Learned from Hacker News](http://www.paulgraham.com/hackernews.html) (2009-02-01) — 13 min
103. [Can You Buy a Silicon Valley?  Maybe.](http://www.paulgraham.com/maybe.html) (2009-02-01) — 9 min
104. [Startups in 13 Sentences](http://www.paulgraham.com/13sentences.html) (2009-02-01) — 6 min
105. [How to Be an Angel Investor](http://www.paulgraham.com/angelinvesting.html) (2009-03-01) — 18 min
106. [Relentlessly Resourceful](http://www.paulgraham.com/relres.html) (2009-03-01) — 5 min
107. [Why TV Lost](http://www.paulgraham.com/convergence.html) (2009-03-01) — 7 min
108. [The Founder Visa](http://www.paulgraham.com/foundervisa.html) (2009-04-01) — 2 min
109. [Five Founders](http://www.paulgraham.com/5founders.html) (2009-04-01) — 4 min
110. [A Local Revolution?](http://www.paulgraham.com/revolution.html) (2009-04-01) — 6 min
111. [Why Twitter is a Big Deal](http://www.paulgraham.com/twitter.html) (2009-04-01) — 1 min
112. [Ramen Profitable](http://www.paulgraham.com/ramenprofitable.html) (2009-07-01) — 9 min
113. [The Trouble with the Segway](http://www.paulgraham.com/segway.html) (2009-07-01) — 2 min
114. [Maker's Schedule, Manager's Schedule](http://www.paulgraham.com/makersschedule.html) (2009-07-01) — 6 min
115. [What Kate Saw in Silicon Valley](http://www.paulgraham.com/kate.html) (2009-08-01) — 4 min
116. [Post-Medium Publishing](http://www.paulgraham.com/publishing.html) (2009-09-01) — 8 min
117. [Persuade xor Discover](http://www.paulgraham.com/discover.html) (2009-09-01) — 6 min
118. [The Anatomy of Determination](http://www.paulgraham.com/determination.html) (2009-09-01) — 7 min
119. [The List of N Things](http://www.paulgraham.com/nthings.html) (2009-09-01) — 7 min
120. [What Startups Are Really Like](http://www.paulgraham.com/really.html) (2009-10-01) — 23 min
121. [Apple's Mistake](http://www.paulgraham.com/apple.html) (2009-11-01) — 10 min
122. [Organic Startup Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/organic.html) (2010-04-01) — 5 min
123. [How to Lose Time and Money](http://www.paulgraham.com/selfindulgence.html) (2010-07-01) — 3 min
124. [The Top Idea in Your Mind](http://www.paulgraham.com/top.html) (2010-07-01) — 6 min
125. [The Acceleration of Addictiveness](http://www.paulgraham.com/addiction.html) (2010-07-01) — 6 min
126. [The Future of Startup Funding](http://www.paulgraham.com/future.html) (2010-08-01) — 17 min
127. [What Happened to Yahoo](http://www.paulgraham.com/yahoo.html) (2010-08-01) — 9 min
128. [High Resolution Fundraising](http://www.paulgraham.com/hiresfund.html) (2010-09-01) — 4 min
129. [Where to See Silicon Valley](http://www.paulgraham.com/seesv.html) (2010-10-01) — 5 min
130. [The New Funding Landscape](http://www.paulgraham.com/superangels.html) (2010-10-01) — 16 min
131. [What We Look for in Founders](http://www.paulgraham.com/founders.html) (2010-10-01) — 4 min
132. [Tablets](http://www.paulgraham.com/tablets.html) (2010-12-01) — 3 min
133. [Founder Control](http://www.paulgraham.com/control.html) (2010-12-01) — 4 min
134. [Subject: Airbnb](http://www.paulgraham.com/airbnb.html) (2011-03-01) — 6 min
135. [The Patent Pledge](http://www.paulgraham.com/patentpledge.html) (2011-08-01) — 3 min
136. [Why Startup Hubs Work](http://www.paulgraham.com/hubs.html) (2011-10-01) — 8 min
137. [Snapshot: Viaweb, June 1998](http://www.paulgraham.com/vw.html) (2012-01-01) — 4 min
138. [Schlep Blindness](http://www.paulgraham.com/schlep.html) (2012-01-01) — 4 min
139. [A Word to the Resourceful](http://www.paulgraham.com/word.html) (2012-01-01) — 4 min
140. [Frighteningly Ambitious Startup Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/ambitious.html) (2012-03-01) — 17 min
141. [Defining Property](http://www.paulgraham.com/property.html) (2012-03-01) — 5 min
142. [How Y Combinator Started](http://www.paulgraham.com/ycstart.html) (2012-03-01) — 7 min
143. [Writing and Speaking](http://www.paulgraham.com/speak.html) (2012-03-01) — 6 min
144. [The Top of My Todo List](http://www.paulgraham.com/todo.html) (2012-04-01) — 2 min
145. [Black Swan Farming](http://www.paulgraham.com/swan.html) (2012-09-01) — 10 min
146. [Startup = Growth](http://www.paulgraham.com/growth.html) (2012-09-01) — 24 min
147. [The Hardware Renaissance](http://www.paulgraham.com/hw.html) (2012-10-01) — 2 min
148. [How to Get Startup Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/startupideas.html) (2012-11-01) — 32 min
149. [Startup Investing Trends](http://www.paulgraham.com/invtrend.html) (2013-06-01) — 13 min
150. [Do Things that Don't Scale](http://www.paulgraham.com/ds.html) (2013-07-01) — 20 min
151. [How to Convince Investors](http://www.paulgraham.com/convince.html) (2013-08-01) — 17 min
152. [Investor Herd Dynamics](http://www.paulgraham.com/herd.html) (2013-08-01) — 5 min
153. [How to Raise Money](http://www.paulgraham.com/fr.html) (2013-09-01) — 47 min
154. [Before the Startup](http://www.paulgraham.com/before.html) (2014-10-01) — 21 min
155. [Mean People Fail](http://www.paulgraham.com/mean.html) (2014-11-01) — 5 min
156. [The Fatal Pinch](http://www.paulgraham.com/pinch.html) (2014-12-01) — 7 min
157. [How You Know](http://www.paulgraham.com/know.html) (2014-12-01) — 3 min
158. [Let the Other 95% of Great Programmers In](http://www.paulgraham.com/95.html) (2014-12-01) — 5 min
159. [How to Be an Expert in a Changing World](http://www.paulgraham.com/ecw.html) (2014-12-01) — 5 min
160. [Don't Talk to Corp Dev](http://www.paulgraham.com/corpdev.html) (2015-01-01) — 6 min
161. [The Ronco Principle](http://www.paulgraham.com/ronco.html) (2015-01-01) — 3 min
162. [What Doesn't Seem Like Work?](http://www.paulgraham.com/work.html) (2015-01-01) — 3 min
163. [What Microsoft Is this the Altair Basic of?](http://www.paulgraham.com/altair.html) (2015-02-01) — 2 min
164. [Change Your Name](http://www.paulgraham.com/name.html) (2015-08-01) — 4 min
165. [Why It's Safe for Founders to Be Nice](http://www.paulgraham.com/safe.html) (2015-08-01) — 4 min
166. [Default Alive or Default Dead?](http://www.paulgraham.com/aord.html) (2015-10-01) — 7 min
167. [Write Like You Talk](http://www.paulgraham.com/talk.html) (2015-10-01) — 4 min
168. [A Way to Detect Bias](http://www.paulgraham.com/bias.html) (2015-10-01) — 3 min
169. [Jessica Livingston](http://www.paulgraham.com/jessica.html) (2015-11-01) — 9 min
170. [Economic Inequality](http://www.paulgraham.com/ineq.html) (2016-01-01) — 15 min
171. [Life is Short](http://www.paulgraham.com/vb.html) (2016-01-01) — 8 min
172. [The Refragmentation](http://www.paulgraham.com/re.html) (2016-01-01) — 32 min
173. [How to Make Pittsburgh a Startup Hub](http://www.paulgraham.com/pgh.html) (2016-04-01) — 12 min
174. [The Risk of Discovery](http://www.paulgraham.com/disc.html) (2017-01-01) — 1 min
175. [Charisma / Power](http://www.paulgraham.com/pow.html) (2017-01-01) — 1 min
176. [General and Surprising](http://www.paulgraham.com/sun.html) (2017-09-01) — 2 min
177. [Novelty and Heresy](http://www.paulgraham.com/nov.html) (2019-11-01) — 2 min
178. [The Bus Ticket Theory of Genius](http://www.paulgraham.com/genius.html) (2019-11-01) — 12 min
179. [The Two Kinds of Moderate](http://www.paulgraham.com/mod.html) (2019-12-01) — 3 min
180. [Fashionable Problems](http://www.paulgraham.com/fp.html) (2019-12-01) — 1 min
181. [Having Kids](http://www.paulgraham.com/kids.html) (2019-12-01) — 7 min
182. [The Lesson to Unlearn](http://www.paulgraham.com/lesson.html) (2019-12-01) — 18 min
183. [Haters](http://www.paulgraham.com/fh.html) (2020-01-01) — 7 min
184. [Being a Noob](http://www.paulgraham.com/noob.html) (2020-01-01) — 2 min
185. [How to Write Usefully](http://www.paulgraham.com/useful.html) (2020-02-01) — 13 min
186. [Coronavirus and Credibility](http://www.paulgraham.com/cred.html) (2020-04-01) — 2 min
187. [Orthodox Privilege](http://www.paulgraham.com/orth.html) (2020-07-01) — 3 min
188. [The Four Quadrants of Conformism](http://www.paulgraham.com/conformism.html) (2020-07-01) — 9 min
189. [Modeling a Wealth Tax](http://www.paulgraham.com/wtax.html) (2020-08-01) — 2 min
190. [Early Work](http://www.paulgraham.com/early.html) (2020-10-01) — 11 min
191. [How to Think for Yourself](http://www.paulgraham.com/think.html) (2020-11-01) — 16 min
192. [The Airbnbs](http://www.paulgraham.com/airbnbs.html) (2020-12-01) — 5 min
193. [Billionaires Build](http://www.paulgraham.com/ace.html) (2020-12-01) — 15 min
194. [Earnestness](http://www.paulgraham.com/earnest.html) (2020-12-01) — 8 min
195. [What I Worked On](http://www.paulgraham.com/worked.html) (2021-02-01) — 61 min
196. [Donate Unrestricted](http://www.paulgraham.com/donate.html) (2021-03-01) — 3 min
197. [Write Simply](http://www.paulgraham.com/simply.html) (2021-03-01) — 3 min
198. [The Real Reason to End the Death Penalty](http://www.paulgraham.com/real.html) (2021-04-01) — 4 min
199. [How People Get Rich Now](http://www.paulgraham.com/richnow.html) (2021-04-01) — 12 min
200. [An NFT That Saves Lives](http://www.paulgraham.com/nft.html) (2021-05-01) — 2 min
201. [Crazy New Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/newideas.html) (2021-05-01) — 6 min
202. [Fierce Nerds](http://www.paulgraham.com/fn.html) (2021-05-01) — 6 min
203. [A Project of One's Own](http://www.paulgraham.com/own.html) (2021-06-01) — 12 min
204. [How to Work Hard](http://www.paulgraham.com/hwh.html) (2021-06-01) — 15 min
205. [Weird Languages](http://www.paulgraham.com/weird.html) (2021-08-01) — 2 min
206. [Beyond Smart](http://www.paulgraham.com/smart.html) (2021-10-01) — 7 min
207. [Is There Such a Thing as Good Taste?](http://www.paulgraham.com/goodtaste.html) (2021-11-01) — 5 min
208. [Putting Ideas into Words](http://www.paulgraham.com/words.html) (2022-02-01) — 6 min
209. [Heresy](http://www.paulgraham.com/heresy.html) (2022-04-01) — 10 min
210. [What I've Learned from Users](http://www.paulgraham.com/users.html) (2022-09-01) — 10 min
211. [Alien Truth](http://www.paulgraham.com/alien.html) (2022-10-01) — 3 min
212. [The Need to Read](http://www.paulgraham.com/read.html) (2022-11-01) — 2 min
213. [What You (Want to)* Want](http://www.paulgraham.com/want.html) (2022-11-01) — 3 min
214. [How to Get New Ideas](http://www.paulgraham.com/getideas.html) (2023-01-01) — 1 min
215. [How to Do Great Work](http://www.paulgraham.com/greatwork.html) (2023-07-01) — 52 min